Signs of Celiac Disease and Therapeutic Options

The gluten sensitivity, also known as celiac disease, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestine and malabsorption issues. This condition arises in response to a plant protein called gluten, which is particularly found in wheat, rye, and barley. In individuals with gluten sensitivity, the presence of gluten triggers an immune response that leads to damage to the intestinal mucosa. As a result, the absorption of nutrients decreases, which can lead to various health problems.

It is important to highlight that gluten sensitivity can manifest at any age, and the symptoms can vary widely, making diagnosis challenging. Often, the recognition of the disease is delayed because the symptoms are not always clear and, in many cases, present in atypical forms. Gluten sensitivity is hereditary, and the number of cases in the family also increases the risk of developing the disease.

In recent decades, advancements in diagnostic methods have contributed to an increase in the number of patients, as many cases that were previously overlooked are now being identified. Thus, the prevalence of gluten sensitivity is likely greater than what we might assume based on diagnoses.

The Symptoms of Gluten Sensitivity

The symptoms of gluten sensitivity are quite diverse and often non-specific, making them easily confused with other diseases. The most common symptoms include diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Due to damage to the intestinal mucosa, the absorption of nutrients, especially fats and vitamins, deteriorates, which can lead to severe nutrient deficiencies.

One characteristic of the disease is loose, foul-smelling stools, which develop as a consequence of malabsorption. Due to reduced fat absorption, the patient may experience weight loss, which can sometimes be accompanied by water retention. Nutrient deficiencies can cause additional problems, such as fatigue, weakness, and various vitamin deficiency states, such as deficiencies in vitamin D and calcium.

Gluten sensitivity not only presents with physical symptoms but can also cause skin problems, such as dermatitis herpetiformis, which is characterized by itchy rashes. Additionally, the disease can lead to several other complications, such as osteoporosis or iron-deficiency anemia. Symptoms often differ between children and adults, so parents may frequently notice changes in eating habits when their child begins consuming gluten-containing foods.

The Diagnostic Process

The diagnosis of gluten sensitivity typically begins with a blood test that measures the levels of antibodies characteristic of gluten sensitivity. The most common tests include the anti-endomysium antibody (IgA) and tissue transglutaminase antibody (IgG) tests, which reliably indicate the presence of the disease. If the results are positive, the next step is to perform a biopsy of the small intestine’s mucosa, during which a histological examination is conducted.

During the biopsy, deviations such as villous atrophy and increased lymphocyte counts in the mucosa are sought. It is important to note that establishing a diagnosis of gluten sensitivity not only helps in understanding the patient’s condition but also in developing an appropriate treatment plan.

In addition to the diagnosis, several other conditions may arise that can cause similar symptoms, such as non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy. These differences must be taken into account when making an accurate diagnosis.

The Treatment of Gluten Sensitivity

The treatment for gluten sensitivity currently relies solely on adhering to a gluten-free diet. This diet involves completely eliminating wheat, rye, and barley from the diet, as well as avoiding foods that contain gluten in trace amounts. Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet not only serves to alleviate symptoms but also contributes to the regeneration of the intestinal mucosa.

Although following a gluten-free diet can present many challenges, various gluten-free products are available to help patients with their daily nutrition. It is essential for individuals with gluten sensitivity to be aware of forbidden foods, such as beer, wheat flour, and malt.

In addition to the diet, joining celiac communities can be beneficial for patients, where they can share experiences and receive assistance in sourcing food. Adhering to a gluten-free lifestyle not only helps alleviate symptoms but also supports long-term health maintenance. Therefore, managing gluten sensitivity requires serious commitment, but proper nutrition and a conscious lifestyle can significantly improve the quality of life for patients.