Prick test – identification of allergens through skin testing

The prick test is a popular method for identifying substances that trigger allergic reactions. This test is quick, simple, and reliable, using purified allergen extracts. Allergic symptoms encompass a wide range, and the prick test easily determines what exactly triggers these complaints.

Allergies affect many people’s lives, and an accurate diagnosis can help in effective treatment. During the test, the outermost layer of the skin is stimulated with a small prick, allowing allergens to enter the skin cells. Following this, doctors can identify the allergen by observing and evaluating the reactions.

Before performing the prick test, it is important for the doctor to thoroughly understand the patient’s medical history, current symptoms, and any medications previously used. This examination aids in establishing the correct diagnosis, which is essential for future treatments.

Types of Allergies and Allergens Identifiable by the Prick Test

During the prick test, various allergen extracts are used, which can be categorized into two main types: inhalant and nutritive allergens. Inhalant allergens include substances that float in the air, such as pollen, house dust mites, mold spores, and animal dander. Nutritive allergens, on the other hand, come from foods, such as certain fruits, vegetables, or dairy products.

In the test, the doctor selects the most common allergens in the specific region, considering the patient’s complaints and medical history. If necessary, the examination can be extended to other, less common allergens, such as wasp or bee venom, as well as dander from various animals. Examining a broad spectrum of allergens allows doctors to accurately identify the source of the patient’s allergic reactions.

The prick test is often the most appropriate method for diagnosing allergies, as the results can be evaluated quickly, and it causes minimal discomfort for the patient. However, to achieve an accurate diagnosis, it is crucial that the test is performed by a qualified physician.

Preparation for the Prick Test: What You Should Know

A prior medical examination is required to perform the prick test. The doctor must be aware of the patient’s allergic symptoms, the timing and environment of their occurrence, as well as any medications the patient is taking. Before the examination, it is important for the patient to refrain from taking antihistamines or steroids, as these can influence the test results. Antihistamines should be discontinued at least a week before the test.

The ideal time for the prick test is during the off-season, particularly in the autumn months when pollen levels are lower, thus avoiding unnecessary allergen exposure. Additionally, the test cannot be performed if there are injuries, eczema, or other skin lesions on the patient’s skin. For pregnant women, performing the prick test is also not recommended.

Proper preparation is essential for obtaining accurate and reliable results, so the patient should discuss everything with their doctor before the examination.

The Process of the Prick Test and Evaluating the Results

During the prick test, the doctor uses allergen extracts dropped on the inner side of the forearm. Each drop’s location is marked with a pen, and then the allergen is introduced into the upper layer of the skin with a small prick. After 15-20 minutes, the reactions appearing on the patient’s skin are observed. In the case of a positive reaction, a red, itchy bump forms in the affected area, comparable to a fresh mosquito bite.

In evaluating the results, the size of the bump is recorded in millimeters or in terms of signs (+, ++, ++++ etc.). The test includes positive (histamine) and negative (physiological saline) controls, which ensure that the examination is reliable. If the positive control shows no reaction, or if the negative control becomes red, the test results cannot be evaluated.

Although the prick test is generally safe, a strong allergic reaction may occur during the examination, requiring medical intervention. Therefore, it is important that the test is conducted in a place where appropriate medical care is available.

Alternative Methods for Identifying Allergens

In cases where the prick test cannot be performed, other methods are available for identifying allergens. One alternative is the specific IgE test performed from blood, which measures the levels of allergy-related antibodies in the blood. This test can be particularly useful for those who cannot undergo the prick test due to skin problems.

The specific IgE test allows doctors to obtain information about the patient’s allergic reactions without needing direct contact with the allergen. The test results can assist in establishing a diagnosis and developing an appropriate treatment plan.

While the prick test is the most common method for diagnosing allergies, these alternative options also play a significant role in accurately identifying allergic reactions. They provide useful opportunities for determining allergens, especially for patients struggling with skin issues.