The phenomenon of short bowel syndrome

The short bowel syndrome is a condition that occurs when parts of the small intestine are missing from the digestive tract. Since the small intestine is responsible for the absorption of the vast majority of nutrients, its absence can lead to significant nutritional problems, malabsorption disorders, and their consequences. The prevalence of short bowel syndrome is relatively rare; however, diagnoses and treatment options are continuously evolving, while the frequency of the condition is gradually increasing.

The causes of short bowel syndrome

The main cause of short bowel syndrome is surgical interventions that require the removal of a portion of the intestine. This procedure can occur due to various health issues, such as severe inflammation, injuries, tumors, or necrotizing enterocolitis. These conditions can have serious consequences and can lead to significant changes in the structure and function of the digestive tract.

In addition to surgical intervention, radiation therapy in the abdominal region can also lead to changes in the digestive system. As a result of radiation therapy, certain parts of the intestine may become necrotic, which may also necessitate surgical intervention. The risk of developing short bowel syndrome continuously increases, particularly in those who already suffer from some underlying condition.

To optimize bowel function, it is essential to continuously monitor the patient’s condition. The minimum length necessary for bowel function should remain in a range that constitutes at least half of the small intestine. To restore bowel function, doctors may offer various treatment options that can vary depending on the length of the intestine that has been removed.

The symptoms of short bowel syndrome

The most characteristic symptom of short bowel syndrome is malabsorption, which affects the majority of nutrients, including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, as well as the absorption of vitamins and minerals such as calcium, iron, and vitamin B12. Patients often experience significant weight loss, and in many cases, diarrhea is also characteristic, which may occur in particularly severe and difficult-to-treat forms.

As a result of diarrhea, steatorrhea may occur, which further exacerbates the situation. Due to the imbalance of the gut flora and the weakening of the immune system, patients are often prone to infections. In addition, other complications such as weakness, fatigue, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic problems may also occur, further deteriorating the condition.

In severe cases, there is a risk of electrolyte and fluid imbalance, as well as dehydration and malnutrition, which can even lead to multiple organ failure. The disease generally has a serious impact on the patient’s quality of life, and without appropriate medical intervention, it can have severe long-term consequences.

Diagnosis and treatment options

The diagnosis of short bowel syndrome is typically made based on the medical history and symptoms. Imaging procedures, laboratory tests, and additional diagnostic methods can be used to confirm the diagnosis. When planning treatment, it is important to consider the individual circumstances of the patient and the length of the intestine that has been removed.

Treatment options encompass a wide range, from surgical interventions to dietary modifications. During surgery, the removal of a portion of the intestine may be unavoidable, especially in cases of severe underlying diseases. To improve the patient’s condition, the adaptation of the digestive system can be supported by proper nutrient intake and “training” of the digestive tract.

The goal of treatment is to minimize symptoms and improve the patient’s quality of life. For those whose remaining small intestine length is less than 100 cm or whose colon length is less than 60 cm, artificial nutrition may be necessary. Artificial nutrition can be parenteral, which delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream, thereby ensuring the necessary caloric intake and nutrients.

The use of antibiotics and probiotics may also be warranted to restore the balance of gut flora. The aim of treating short bowel syndrome is for patients to enjoy the best possible quality of life, even in the presence of existing underlying diseases and complications.