Protection of Newborns in Cases of Mothers Infected with Hepatitis B

A hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world, which can be particularly concerning for pregnant women. The infection poses a risk not only to the mother but also to the fetus developing in her womb. However, with proper medical care and vaccinations, severe complications can be avoided. Understanding the spread of hepatitis B and the possibilities for prevention is crucial from a public health perspective.

The hepatitis B virus spreads parenterally, meaning it transmits directly through the blood, such as through infected needle sticks, blood transfusions, or sexual contact. The disease often occurs asymptomatically, making early detection of the infection difficult. A significant portion of infected individuals may be unaware of their condition, increasing the risk of virus transmission. Hepatitis B can present with various symptoms, including low-grade fever, fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea. In later stages, jaundice and dark urine may appear, indicating liver involvement. Laboratory tests also aid in diagnosing the condition, which can indicate the severity of the disease. The active presence of the virus can lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer, making the disease potentially serious.

The Spread and Diagnosis of Infection

The spread of the hepatitis B virus can occur in various ways, but the most common is through parenteral transmission. Infected needle sticks, blood products, and sexual relationships all represent potential sources of danger. Additionally, the infection is often asymptomatic, which means many people do not realize they are carriers of the virus.

Initially, the symptoms of hepatitis B are generally mild, such as fatigue, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. In later stages of the disease, more severe symptoms may occur, such as jaundice, which manifests as yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating liver involvement. During laboratory tests, the presence of virus antigens and the antibodies produced against them assist in the diagnosis. Doctors routinely check for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women before childbirth to address the issue in a timely manner.

The virus can also impair liver function, affecting carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, as well as detoxification. Proper liver function is essential for a healthy life, so hepatitis B infection can have serious consequences if not treated promptly.

The Role of Vaccination and Prevention

If a pregnant woman is infected with the hepatitis B virus, special attention must be paid to protecting the newborn during the postpartum period. In the case of maternal infection, the baby receives hepatitis B immunoglobulin within 12 hours after birth, followed by vaccination within a week. This step significantly reduces the risk of virus transmission, as the fetus is most commonly infected during childbirth.

It is important to note that separation of the baby and mother is not necessary as long as the newborn receives the appropriate vaccinations. Breastfeeding is also permitted, as research has shown that hepatitis B does not increase the risk of infection for the infant, so the benefits of breastfeeding should not be denied to the child.

If the pregnant woman did not receive care during pregnancy or cannot prove that she is not a virus carrier, the newborn’s vaccination must be started immediately after birth. Preventing hepatitis B and administering postpartum vaccinations are crucial steps in stopping the spread of the infection and ensuring healthy newborns.