Potential Side Effects of Colorectal Cancer Therapy

The diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer present numerous challenges for patients, as the disease and therapy can lead to various physical and mental symptoms. The different side effects not only affect the quality of life of patients but also complicate the lives of family members and close relatives. The problems arising during medical treatments cover a wide spectrum, making it essential for patients and their environment to be aware of the possible side effects.

Understanding the treatment of colorectal cancer is critical for patients, as symptoms and reactions can vary from person to person. Various treatment methods, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, along with the disease itself, create numerous physical challenges. Proper information and support are vital for patients to better understand what side effects to expect and how to manage them.

This article summarizes the most common complaints and side effects related to the treatment of colorectal cancer, as well as the solutions that can help patients cope during difficult times.

Effects of Chemotherapy on Brain Function

Chemotherapy can cause numerous side effects, one of the most unpleasant being the phenomenon known as “chemo brain.” This term refers to the cognitive decline that patients may experience as a result of cancer treatment, leading to difficulties in concentration, memory problems, and learning issues. Although the exact causes are unknown, the symptoms can significantly impact daily life.

Symptoms of “chemo brain” include decreased attention and feelings of confusion, which can greatly hinder patients’ cognitive functions. In the worst cases, these symptoms may be confused with issues such as a cerebrovascular accident, which requires urgent medical intervention. It is important for patients and their family members to be informed about these side effects and to seek professional help if necessary.

Managing Nausea and Vomiting During Chemotherapy

Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of colorectal cancer treatment, which can occur as part of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These symptoms can affect up to 20% of patients and, in severe cases, may lead to the suspension of therapy. Nausea can manifest acutely within 24 hours of starting treatment, but delayed reactions can also occur.

Certain foods, smells, or even the type of chemotherapy agents can trigger nausea. For example, cisplatin and cyclophosphamide are more likely to cause these complaints, so the use of anti-nausea medications is recommended as a preventive measure. However, patients should be aware that home remedies like ginger or chamomile tea may not always be effective during chemotherapy, but their use is not contraindicated.

Addressing Nutritional Problems and Weight Loss

Loss of appetite and nausea resulting from colorectal cancer and its treatment can worsen patients’ overall condition, leading to weight loss. Due to the chronic condition, patients often experience a decrease in body weight, which can continue as the disease progresses and as a result of therapy. A weight loss exceeding 10% of body weight is considered abnormal.

If the underlying disease improves, weight loss should also cease, as patients’ appetites could increase. However, this is not always the case, especially if the tumor is incurable. In such situations, nutritional aids, such as appetite stimulants, may be necessary to help with calorie and protein intake. It is important for patients to consult their doctors before using any new dietary supplements or “miracle cures.”

Oral Inflammation and Nutritional Difficulties

During the treatment of colorectal cancer, patients often experience oral inflammations, sores, and ulcers that make eating difficult. Due to weakened conditions and the tumor, the passage of food through the digestive system may become obstructed. In such cases, tube feeding may be necessary to ensure the intake of essential nutrients.

Tube feeding becomes necessary when a patient is unable to take in enough food. The introduction of a tube through the nose or the use of a tube leading to the stomach can help ensure adequate nutrition. Total parenteral nutrition, which provides nutrients through the bloodstream, may also be a solution, but this must be done under medical supervision.

Lack of nutrition can have severe consequences, such as immunodeficiency, weakness, and osteoporosis, making it crucial to maintain adequate nutrition. The treatment of oral inflammation is symptomatic, and increased hygiene and the use of local antiseptics can help reduce pain.

Managing Bowel Movement Issues

During colorectal cancer, bowel movement issues such as diarrhea and constipation are common complaints. The tumor itself can cause diarrhea, and it may also occur as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Patients’ immune systems may weaken, increasing the risk of infections. Taking probiotics is recommended to restore gut flora and prevent diarrhea.

Constipation is often an early sign of cancer, so it is important for patients to support bowel function with a high-fiber diet, adequate fluid intake, and regular exercise. Additionally, the tumor can obstruct the colon, causing sudden abdominal pain, vomiting, and an inability to pass stool. Such symptoms require urgent medical intervention.

Infections and Blood Formation Disorders

Colorectal cancer and its treatment significantly weaken the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. If fever and signs of infection appear, it is important for patients to seek medical attention immediately. Chemotherapy treatments often result in low white blood cell counts, which increases the risk of infection.

Anemia is also a common problem, which can be caused by iron deficiency or decreased bone marrow function. Patients often experience weakness, fatigue, and difficulty breathing upon exertion. To prevent iron deficiency, it is recommended to consume iron-rich foods, but in severe cases, medical treatment may be necessary.

The risk of thrombosis and embolism may also increase during treatment, so patients should pay attention to movement and the use of blood thinners if recommended by their doctor. Symptoms of thrombosis include swelling and pain in the lower limbs, while pulmonary embolism can cause sudden breathing difficulties.

Managing Hair Loss and Other Skin Problems

A common side effect of chemotherapy is hair loss, which can be psychologically burdensome for patients. Hair loss can occur not only on the scalp but also on the eyebrows, eyelashes, and body hair. While preventing hair loss is not possible, patients can prepare for it, for example, by opting for a short haircut.

The skin may also become more sensitive during treatment, so proper skin care, the use of local protective creams, and sun protection are important. Nails can become more fragile, and the risk of fungal infections may increase. Local treatment is necessary to avoid further complications.

The side effects experienced during the treatment of colorectal cancer cover a wide spectrum. It is essential for patients and their family members to be informed about the options and treatment possibilities so that they can endure the difficult times as best as possible. With the right medical support and information, patients may be better able to manage their situation and improve their quality of life during treatment.