Benign Breast Tumors

A breast surgeries play a significant role in women’s healthcare, as these procedures often occur due to changes that can be classified as benign or malignant. Distinguishing between benign and malignant changes requires histological examination, which is essential for establishing an accurate diagnosis.

Among women, malignant breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death, making it important for women to monitor their bodies, especially in cases of lumps discovered during self-examination. Timely medical intervention can save lives, which is why regular screening is recommended.

Breast changes encompass a wide spectrum, including various types of benign and malignant tumors. These include fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, breast abscess, breast cyst, intraductal papilloma, sclerosing adenosis, and fat necrosis. These changes require different treatment methods, and it is important for women to be aware of the symptoms and treatment options.

Fibroadenoma

Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast change, particularly in women under 30. This change is characterized by a firm, well-defined, and elastic nodule that is generally less than 5 cm. Fibroadenomas are painless, and multiple nodules can develop simultaneously, possibly in both breasts.

These tumors are histologically composed of connective and glandular tissue. A histological examination is necessary for diagnosis, as the clinical picture alone is not sufficient for a definitive diagnosis. The treatment of fibroadenoma typically involves surgical excision, but in younger women with small tumors, surgery may be avoided. In such cases, regular medical monitoring, which may include ultrasound examinations, is sufficient to track changes in the nodules’ status.

If fibroadenomas are present in both breasts and the menstrual cycle is irregular, hormone therapy may also be considered. However, after the age of 35, it is recommended to remove or monitor any similar changes every six months to a year, as changes may occur over time.

Phyllodes Tumor

Phyllodes tumor is a change that represents a giant form of fibroadenoma and typically occurs in older women, especially during the pre-menopausal period. The significance of this tumor lies in the fact that although it is usually benign, there is a chance it can become malignant. Treatment generally requires wide excision, as histological examination of the tumor is important for determining further steps.

Lymph node removal is not mandatory, even if cancer cells are found, as phyllodes tumors tend to metastasize through the bloodstream. Following treatment, patients require regular follow-up examinations, as phyllodes tumors can be prone to recurrence. Proper follow-up is essential for maintaining patients’ health.

Breast Abscess

A breast abscess is an inflammatory change that most commonly occurs during the breastfeeding period. It is caused by the inflammatory process of a blocked milk gland or duct, resulting in a red, swollen, and painful area on the skin. The treatment of breast abscesses involves the use of antibiotics, and if necessary, surgical drainage of the abscess to expel pus.

If the inflammation affects a larger area, the possibility of mastitis carcinomatosa arises, which is a malignant breast tumor. As a result, it may require complex oncological care, making it important for patients to seek medical treatment to avoid complications.

Breast Cyst

Breast cysts appear as fluid-filled sacs, varying in size from microscopic to palpable. These changes most commonly occur after the age of 35 but become less common after menopause. Breast cysts can be single or multiple and may occur in both breasts.

The treatment of cysts typically involves fluid aspiration, after which cytological examination is performed. Cysts often resolve spontaneously, but due to the possibility of recurrence, regular ultrasound monitoring is important. After the age of 40, mammography is also recommended, and surgical intervention may become necessary if the cyst shows malignant characteristics or if its wall is uneven.

Intraductal Papilloma

Intraductal papilloma is associated with nipple discharge, which may be milky or bloody. It most commonly develops before menopause and is generally less than 1 cm in size. It is located beneath the areola, making it often non-palpable.

Diagnosis requires examination of the discharge and histological analysis of the tumor. Treatment of intraductal papilloma usually involves excision of the lesion, as discharge can be a warning sign of malignant tumors.

Sclerosing Adenosis

Sclerosing adenosis, or sclerosing adenosis, can be mistaken for malignant breast tumors during mammography, as both changes may contain calcifications. However, the arrangement of calcified particles differs between benign and malignant tumors.

Sclerosing adenosis typically occurs during the perimenopausal period and can be painful. Histological examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, and if it is determined to be benign, surgical intervention is usually not required, although continuous monitoring is recommended.

Fat Necrosis

Fat necrosis is a rare breast condition that often develops as a result of trauma, breast surgery, or radiation therapy. The characteristic of this change is that the skin and nipple may retract, and a well-defined mass can be palpated.

If fat necrosis is not associated with malignant changes, treatment typically involves close observation. It is important for women to be aware of breast changes and to seek medical assistance when necessary to preserve their health through early diagnosis and treatment.