Uric Acid – What is the Significance of Abnormal Levels?

The uric acid is an important metabolic product in the human body, resulting from the breakdown of purine compounds. These compounds are naturally found in food, particularly in protein-rich foods. In healthy individuals, the majority of uric acid is excreted by the kidneys, while the remainder is eliminated through sweat and the gastrointestinal tract. However, under certain circumstances, uric acid levels can rise, leading to various health problems. Measuring uric acid levels is important because an excessive amount can crystallize, causing arthritis or kidney diseases. It is essential to continuously monitor uric acid levels and take appropriate steps to maintain them within a normal range when necessary.

Understanding Uric Acid Levels

To understand uric acid levels, it is crucial to know what normal values are considered healthy in the blood and urine. In men, normal blood levels range from 220-420 µmol/l, while in women, they range from 140-340 µmol/l. The uric acid level measured during a 24-hour urine collection ranges from 1.48-4.43 mmol/day. If the measured values exceed these ranges, it is advisable to investigate the underlying causes.

Causes of Elevated Uric Acid Levels

Elevated uric acid levels can occur through two main mechanisms: increased production or decreased excretion. In the first case, the body produces too much uric acid, while in the second case, the kidneys are unable to properly eliminate the excess. Various factors influence this process.

One of the most common causes of elevated uric acid levels is the consumption of purine-rich foods. Foods such as meats, especially fattier cuts and organ meats, can contribute to increased uric acid levels. Additionally, if the kidneys are not functioning properly, or if certain medications, such as diuretics, reduce uric acid excretion, this can also result in elevated levels.

Genetic disorders can also underlie increased uric acid production. For example, metabolic diseases resulting from the faulty functioning of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme, such as complete enzyme deficiency or Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, can also lead to elevated uric acid levels. Furthermore, various diseases, such as cancer treatments, can contribute to increased uric acid production.

Consequences of High Uric Acid Levels

When uric acid levels rise, it can lead to serious health problems. One of the most common consequences is gout, which develops as a result of uric acid crystallization in the joints. This inflammatory condition is extremely painful and usually occurs suddenly, most often in areas like the toes.

Uric acid can deposit not only in the joints but also in the kidneys, where it can cause diseases in the form of kidney stones. Therefore, elevated uric acid levels can affect not just the musculoskeletal system but also the urinary system, leading to further complications such as kidney damage.

In addition to gout, high uric acid levels can also increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between uric acid levels and heart diseases, making it important to monitor levels and ensure proper treatment for prevention.

How to Manage High Uric Acid Levels

The first step in managing high uric acid levels is to establish a proper diet. It is important to avoid foods high in purines, such as fatty meats, organ meats, sardines, and other fish. A low-meat diet is recommended, and it is also advisable to maintain a healthy body weight.

Increasing fluid intake is also essential. Adequate water consumption helps enhance uric acid excretion and promotes urination. Reducing or even eliminating alcohol consumption is also crucial, as alcohol can increase uric acid levels.

If uric acid levels remain high despite dietary and lifestyle changes, medical intervention may be necessary. Medications designed to lower uric acid levels can help normalize the levels and prevent complications.

Causes and Consequences of Low Uric Acid Levels

While high uric acid levels are more common, low levels can also pose problems. One cause of low uric acid levels can be the improper adjustment of medications that increase uric acid excretion. Additionally, excessive vitamin C intake can contribute to decreased uric acid levels.

Low uric acid levels rarely cause symptoms on their own, but it is important to continuously monitor levels, as uric acid plays a role in the body’s antioxidant defense. Too low levels can weaken this defense and increase the risk of certain diseases.

Overall, uric acid levels, whether high or low, are an important indicator of the body’s condition. Proper nutrition, adequate fluid intake, and regular medical check-ups play a key role in maintaining healthy uric acid levels.