Signs of Colon Cancer

The colon and rectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death, which is particularly concerning since early detection and appropriate treatments can facilitate successful recovery from the disease. Colon tumors typically develop slowly and do not always show clear symptoms in the early stages. Nevertheless, early diagnosis and screenings are crucial for favorable outcomes.

Colorectal cancer most commonly manifests as adenocarcinoma originating from the mucosa of the colon, but other types of tumors can also occur. The tumors of the colon and rectum are closely intertwined, which is why they are medically referred to as colorectal cancer. In the vast majority of cases, the tumor starts as a benign lesion that can become malignant over the years.

Risk factors for the disease include an unhealthy lifestyle, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and obesity. The incidence of colon cancer is gradually increasing, especially among men over the age of 50. The thousands of diagnosed cases each year and the high mortality rate underscore the importance of screenings, making the recognition of early signs and symptoms of the disease particularly important.

What is colon cancer?

Colon cancer is a malignant tumor that originates from the glandular epithelial cells of the colon’s mucosa, most commonly appearing as adenocarcinoma. The tumors of the colon and rectum are closely related, so they are also known as colorectal cancer in medical terminology. Colon cancer generally develops slowly and does not metastasize initially, making it well treatable in the early stages through appropriate diagnostic methods and treatments.

Although colon cancer is the second leading cause of death after lung cancer, early detection and screenings can significantly improve the outcome of the disease. The number of diagnosed cases each year in Hungary is also significant, with many cases occurring in people over the age of 50. Risk factors include family history, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits, which can increase the likelihood of developing colon cancer.

The symptoms of colon cancer can vary and often do not show clear signs in the early stages. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals over 50 to regularly participate in screenings, such as colonoscopy, which can help in the early detection of the disease.

The symptoms of colon cancer

The symptoms of colon cancer are not always obvious in the early stages of the disease, making screenings crucial. Colorectal tumors typically develop over a long period, sometimes 10-15 years, so regular medical check-ups are essential. Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, which can manifest as alternating diarrhea and constipation. Patients may often notice that their previously regular bowel movements have become less frequent or more frequent.

Another warning sign can be abdominal pain, which is often difficult to pinpoint. Patients may also report nausea and malaise, even if they do not experience severe pain. The presence of blood in the stool is also an important sign, as it may indicate colon cancer, although other causes, such as hemorrhoids, can also lead to bleeding. Changes in stool color, such as black “tarry stool” or bright red blood, can also be warning signs.

Colon cancer can often cause anemia and fatigue, as the tumor can lead to bleeding in the intestines. Patients may experience significant weight loss and a persistent feeling of tiredness, which may be accompanied by shortness of breath. It is important not to hesitate to consult a doctor in case of any persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, as early diagnosis can be life-saving.

The anatomy of the colon

The colon is the last section of the digestive system, approximately one and a half meters long, and plays a fundamental role in reabsorbing water from the intestinal contents and forming stool. The colon can be divided into six sections: the cecum and ascending section, located on the right side of the abdomen, followed by the transverse section, then the descending section on the left side of the abdomen, which continues into the sigmoid colon, ultimately ending with the rectum.

The rectum represents the last part of the colon, and there is a close relationship between the progression of colon cancer and rectal cancer. Adenocarcinoma, which originates from the innermost layer of the intestinal wall, the mucosa, is the most common type of tumor, but other types of tumors can also develop. Additionally, in cases of colon cancer, metastases can pose significant problems.

In advanced stages of colon cancer, it is often not the tumor symptoms that alert patients, but the metastases caused by cancer cells spreading through the lymphatic system. Metastases typically spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs, such as the liver and lungs. These processes can manifest as abdominal pain, changes in stool color, jaundice, and increased fatigue.

What to do if experiencing symptoms suggestive of colon cancer

If any digestive complaints occur that are temporary or related to illness, it is not necessary to immediately think of colon cancer. Most often, issues are caused by poor diet or gastrointestinal infections. However, if symptoms persist, it is important to seek evaluation, regardless of whether the complaints manifest in various forms.

It is particularly important to pay attention to any symptoms suggestive of colon cancer if the patient belongs to a risk group, such as being over 50 years old, having a family history of colon cancer, or leading an unhealthy lifestyle. A wide range of screening options is available, but the most reliable method is colonoscopy, which allows for a thorough examination of the colon.

Screenings and early diagnosis are crucial in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. Appropriate medical care, screenings, and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of the disease and improve patients’ quality of life. The medical community is continuously working to expand scientific knowledge and improve preventive options to reduce the burdens caused by colon cancer on society as a whole.