Addison’s Disease – Effects of Adrenal Insufficiency

Az Addison’s disease is a serious endocrine disorder characterized by a decrease in adrenal gland function. The adrenal glands play a key role in the body’s hormonal balance, and as a result of the disease, hormone production can dramatically decrease, leading to numerous health problems. The condition can manifest at any age and affects both men and women.

Often, the underlying cause of the disease is an abnormal functioning of the body’s immune system, which attacks the cells of the adrenal glands. Damage to the adrenal glands can also be caused by cancer, infection, or bleeding. In infants and children, the disease may be attributed to genetic factors. Addison’s disease does not only represent a primary disorder of the adrenal glands, as issues with the pituitary gland that influence hormone production can also lead to adrenal insufficiency.

The symptoms of Addison’s disease

The most characteristic symptoms of Addison’s disease develop gradually, and in many cases, patients may not notice them immediately. Skin discoloration, which has a brownish-gray hue, can be particularly noticeable in the creases of the palms, the oral mucosa, and the gums. This change is caused by the disruption of hormonal balance, which affects the production of skin pigment, namely melanin. Discoloration may also appear on the knees, elbows, nail beds, and nails.

Another common sign of the disease is fatigue and muscle weakness, which can hinder the daily lives of patients. Abdominal complaints, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation, are also characteristic, while psychological symptoms, such as depression, may appear later. Addison’s disease disrupts the body’s water, sodium, and potassium balance, which can cause low blood pressure and dizziness, especially upon standing up suddenly.

Due to hormone deficiency, urine output increases, which also carries the risk of dehydration. The disease also leads to a decrease in male hormone production, which can result in increased hair growth in women. Blood sugar levels may also be lower, as the body becomes more sensitive to insulin. Patients with Addison’s disease are also more prone to various infections and inflammations, which can worsen and potentially lead to an Addisonian crisis, requiring urgent medical intervention.

The diagnosis process

Diagnosing Addison’s disease is challenging, as symptoms develop gradually and are often similar to those of other diseases. Doctors often do not suspect Addison’s disease in the initial stages, as fatigue, muscle pain, and general malaise can accompany many other health issues. Often, a stressful situation, such as surgery or illness, brings the symptoms to the surface.

If Addison’s disease is suspected, laboratory tests are essential. Low sodium and high potassium levels, as well as kidney function disturbances, may indicate problems with the adrenal glands. A low cortisol level and a high corticotropin level in blood tests can also assist in establishing the diagnosis. These results allow doctors to determine whether an adrenal gland disease is the underlying cause or if other factors are at play.

Treatment of Addison’s disease

The primary goal in treating Addison’s disease is to replace the missing hormones. This is typically done in the form of oral medications, but in severe cases, intravenous or intramuscular intervention may be necessary. Doctors always tailor the treatment to the individual, considering the patient’s condition and needs.

The timing of medication intake is also important, as the hormone levels produced by the adrenal glands vary at different times of the day. For example, cortisol levels are highest in the morning, so the morning dose is usually prescribed in larger amounts. Patients require lifelong medication, and it is crucial to adjust medication dosages during any stressful situation or illness.

Patients with Addison’s disease should always inform their doctors about their condition and the medications they are taking to ensure that treatment can be personalized as effectively as possible. Proper medical care and continuous medication can help improve patients’ quality of life and prevent complications of the disease.