Analysis of thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (anti-TPO)
A role of thyroid hormones in the body’s functioning is of outstanding significance. These hormones affect growth and development, regulate metabolism, influence heart function, and have a significant impact on the development and functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, thyroid hormones also affect muscle structure, glucose metabolism, and calcium metabolism.
Examining Thyroid Function
When examining thyroid function, several factors must be considered. It is important to measure the levels of hormones produced by the thyroid, such as fT4 and fT3, as well as the level of TSH, which regulates the thyroid. Additionally, antibodies produced against certain parts of the thyroid, such as anti-TPO, TRAK, and Tg antibodies, are also significant, as they may indicate autoimmune diseases.
What is anti-TPO?
Anti-TPO, or thyroid peroxidase antibodies, is an antibody produced by the immune system. The main role of antibodies is to defend against infections such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They also play a role in preventing the development of tumors. However, in certain cases, the immune system produces antibodies against its own cells, known as autoantibodies. These are typically associated with autoimmune diseases.
The enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO) plays a key role in the production of thyroid hormones. When the immune system begins producing anti-TPO antibodies, the structure and function of the thyroid can be damaged. This process can lead to various thyroid diseases, which may be accompanied by changes in hormonal balance.
Diseases Associated with Anti-TPO
An increase in anti-TPO levels is most commonly observed in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid and gradual dysfunction. However, in about 5% of cases, normal or undetectable anti-TPO levels may also occur.
High anti-TPO levels can occur in various situations:
1. **Asymptomatic state**: Thyroid hormones are at normal levels, and ultrasound does not show inflammation. In this case, signs of hypothyroidism may not be detected, but the disease process is still present.
2. **Subclinical hypothyroidism**: Thyroid hormone levels are normal, but TSH levels are elevated. This situation usually requires medication, especially if the patient experiences symptoms or is planning to conceive.
3. **True hypothyroidism**: Often experienced when thyroid hormone levels are low, and anti-TPO levels are high, indicating an autoimmune disease.
4. **High hormone levels**: Less commonly, thyroid hormone levels may be high, especially if the patient is taking thyroid hormone supplements.
Elevated anti-TPO levels can also be triggered by other diseases and tumors. Changes in anti-TPO levels are related to disease activity, but the disappearance of antibodies does not mean the disease has definitively resolved.
How is the Anti-TPO Test Conducted?
The anti-TPO test is a laboratory test performed on venous blood. The test does not require any special preparation from the patient, so fasting is not necessary. During the blood draw, laboratory professionals measure the level of anti-TPO antibodies, which can help in diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases.
For an accurate diagnosis, other hormone levels must also be considered alongside the test. Based on this information, the doctor can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the patient. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is essential for maintaining proper health, as maintaining hormonal balance is crucial for overall well-being.
