Breast fibroadenoma

The fibroadenoma is one of the most common benign breast lesions, primarily occurring in young women, but it can appear at any age. Research indicates that the rate of diagnosed cases among the female population is approximately 10%. The symptoms, causes, and treatment of breast fibroadenoma affect many, making it important to understand the phenomenon.

Fibroadenomas typically present as painless, well-defined lumps that feel firm or elastic to the touch. These lumps develop in the glandular tissue of the breast or the surrounding connective tissues, and their size can vary, ranging from a few centimeters to as large as 5 cm. It is possible to find multiple lesions in the breast, and they can rarely appear on both sides. The shape of the nipple and the skin usually does not change, but they may become more sensitive before the monthly cycle. The exact causes of fibroadenoma formation are not known, but the role of female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, is likely.

The symptoms and appearance of fibroadenoma

The main characteristic of fibroadenomas is that they can be palpated as well-defined lumps in the breast. These lumps are generally firm or elastic and painless. During gynecological examinations, fibroadenomas are often identified during physical examinations. It is possible for multiple similar lesions to appear in the breast, and these lumps may become more sensitive during the menstrual cycle.

The size of fibroadenomas varies, and larger lesions can exceed 5 cm. These larger lumps can deform the shape of the breast and may exert pressure on the surrounding glandular tissue, potentially leading to damage. The appearance of fibroadenoma is most common during adolescence or young adulthood, but it can occur at any age. It is important to know that the histological examination of fibroadenomas does not increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in the case of simple fibroadenomas.

Causes and risk factors for fibroadenoma formation

The exact causes of fibroadenoma appearance are still unclear; however, research suggests that female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, may play a significant role in its development. Fibroadenomas most commonly develop during adolescence when hormonal changes are most active. Some studies also suggest that the duration of pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as the regularity of monthly cycles, may influence the number of fibroadenomas.

During menopause, when the levels of female hormones decrease, the size of existing fibroadenomas typically decreases. However, if hormone replacement therapy is applied, the number and size of lesions may increase. It is noteworthy that fibroadenomas can develop not only in women but also, though rarely, in men, but the treatment methods are similar. Fibroadenomas consist of components of glandular and connective tissues, and changes in the appropriate ratios lead to their formation.

Diagnosis and examination methods

The diagnosis of fibroadenoma typically begins with a physical examination, during which specialists identify the lumps by palpation. For an accurate diagnosis, imaging studies such as ultrasound, mammography, or MRI are often necessary, especially if the patient is over the age of 35-40. These examinations help rule out the possibility of malignant lesions.

In histological examinations, simple fibroadenomas do not increase the risk of breast cancer, whereas in the case of complex fibroadenomas, microscopic analysis may reveal cysts with calcium deposits. These cysts may also indicate the onset of malignancy, which can double the risk in such cases. When establishing a diagnosis, it is important to consider the family history and the patient’s health status.

Treatment and prognosis of fibroadenoma

The treatment of fibroadenomas generally does not require intervention, especially if the lumps are smaller than 5 cm and show no signs of malignancy. In younger patients, fibroadenomas may spontaneously resolve, making observation often sufficient. If the lump suddenly increases in size, causes pain, or if the patient has a family history of breast cancer, the removal of the fibroadenoma is recommended.

During surgical interventions, it is important to preserve the healthy breast tissue to avoid complications for women who may wish to breastfeed in the future. Ultrasound-guided procedures, such as HIFU and cryoablation, offer gentle alternatives that allow for the destruction of abnormal tissues while keeping the healthy tissues intact. These procedures are generally recommended for lesions measuring 2-3 cm in diameter, and patients should be monitored long-term after the intervention.

Prevention and lifestyle recommendations

Specific recommendations for the prevention of fibroadenoma formation are not available, as the exact causes are not known. However, regular breast checks, especially since the onset of adolescence, are recommended, as timely detection of abnormalities can help in early problem identification. Additionally, regular medical examinations, breast ultrasound, and mammography can aid in establishing a diagnosis.

Some women’s experiences suggest that reducing the consumption of various stimulants, such as caffeine and chocolate, may positively influence symptoms. A healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, and stress reduction may also contribute to lowering the risk of fibroadenomas, thereby improving women’s overall health.