Childhood Hypertension

A high blood pressure, or hypertension, often remains hidden in children and is frequently only discovered incidentally, such as during medical screenings. Childhood hypertension is particularly concerning because its symptoms are not always noticeable, making it important for parents and educators to be aware of the significance of prevention and screening. Hypertension in children can arise from various causes, and proper recognition and treatment are essential to prevent later complications.

The role of a healthy lifestyle and regular medical examinations is crucial in preventing high blood pressure. Parents and young people should consciously pay attention to healthy habits, such as avoiding alcohol and tobacco consumption. Special attention should also be given to potential side effects, such as high blood pressure, when taking contraceptive medications. Screening tests can detect problems early, potentially preventing later organ damage.

Prevention and Screening

The first step in preventing high blood pressure is participating in regular screening tests. During these tests, children’s blood pressure is measured according to different age groups, taking into account height and weight. Normal blood pressure values vary by age, and it is important for parents to be aware of the range in which their children’s blood pressure falls.

Proper nutrition, appropriate salt intake, and regular physical activity are essential for prevention. Childhood obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are significant risk factors for developing high blood pressure. Parents should ensure that their children’s diet is rich in vitamins and minerals while minimizing the consumption of processed foods and sugary drinks.

During screenings, specialists not only check blood pressure but also assess children’s overall health, looking for any organ abnormalities that may be related to high blood pressure. Therefore, screening serves not only to detect high blood pressure but also to maintain children’s health.

Types and Causes of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension in children can be divided into two main types: essential and secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension typically develops without an underlying disease and is often linked to genetic predisposition. In these children, levels of salt consumption, obesity, and stressful lifestyles that may elevate blood pressure are frequently observed.

Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, is associated with an underlying condition, such as kidney disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders. Secondary hypertension in children most commonly arises from issues related to kidney function but can also result from various developmental abnormalities or hormonal imbalances. For these reasons, measuring blood pressure and identifying potential underlying conditions is important.

Normal blood pressure values vary depending on the child’s age and height, which are determined using percentile charts. Blood pressure readings above the 95th percentile are considered high and require special attention, as the consequences can be severe, including cardiovascular problems that may manifest in adulthood.

Symptoms and Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure

The symptoms of high blood pressure in childhood are not always obvious, but certain signs may indicate a problem. The most common symptoms include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vision disturbances. These signs typically become noticeable when high blood pressure has already caused organ changes.

It is important for parents to monitor their children’s behavior, and if any unusual symptoms are observed, to consult a doctor. High blood pressure may require immediate medical intervention, especially if the symptoms indicate an emergency, such as drowsiness or seizures.

Risk factors include increased salt consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and a stressful lifestyle. Furthermore, smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use, which are prevalent among adults, are increasingly appearing in younger generations, raising the risk of high blood pressure. Parents and educators must raise awareness of these risk factors and help young people adopt a healthy lifestyle.

Diagnosis and Treatment

In diagnosing high blood pressure, using the appropriate size cuff is essential, as an improper tool can distort the measured values. Blood pressure should be measured in all four limbs to rule out a condition known as coarctation of the aorta, which causes narrowing of the main artery.

If high blood pressure is recorded, it should be measured multiple times, as the phenomenon of “white coat hypertension” is common among children, where stress and anxiety can elevate blood pressure readings at the doctor’s office. Doctors should create a calming environment to help children feel more comfortable during examinations.

Treatment has two main pillars: non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. For children with essential hypertension, lifestyle changes such as weight loss, a low-salt diet, and regular physical activity may often be sufficient to normalize blood pressure. However, if these are not enough, medication may be necessary. Treatment of secondary hypertension also involves addressing the underlying condition.

Overall, the management and prevention of high blood pressure is a complex task that requires collaboration among parents, doctors, and educators to ensure the health of children.