Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious global health challenge that is spreading significantly worldwide. In some cases, the infected individual can overcome the virus with the help of their immune system; however, chronic infection can lead to serious complications such as liver failure and liver cancer. Hepatitis B primarily spreads through blood and sexual contact, but the infection can be prevented through vaccination. It is crucial for society to be aware of the risk factors and methods of prevention to prevent such diseases.

Globally, approximately 300 million people are affected by the hepatitis B virus, and the number of infected individuals is increasing every year. According to WHO estimates, 1.5 million new cases are diagnosed annually, and the number of unreported infections is also significant. About 20-30% of the population will experience hepatitis B infection at least once in their lifetime, making it one of the main causes of chronic liver diseases and liver tumors. Among the infected, six million people die each year due to complications arising from hepatitis B. In our country, the proportion of virus carriers ranges between 0.5-1%, and the hepatitis B vaccination has been part of the mandatory vaccination program since 1999, primarily for children aged 13 years.

The Spread of Hepatitis B Virus

The hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and can be transmitted through even a single drop of bodily fluid. The pathogen most commonly spreads through blood, particularly through skin injuries that often go unnoticed. The virus does not spread through casual contact, such as handshakes or using doorknobs. It is important that the virus enters the bloodstream through bodily fluids for infection to occur.

Sexual transmission is the most common route, especially among individuals who frequently change partners. Hepatitis B is more contagious than HIV, so sexual contact with an infected person can carry significant risk. The pathogen can also enter the body through mucous membranes, making unprotected sexual intercourse particularly dangerous.

The hepatitis B virus can enter the body through smaller, invisible injuries, so the shared use of tools such as tattoo and acupuncture instruments, manicure sets, razors, and toothbrushes can pose a serious risk of infection. The immediate environment of infected family members is particularly at risk, as the virus can easily spread through shared objects.

In healthcare institutions, blood products are screened, minimizing the risk of infection during blood transfusions. Donors undergo regular screening tests, ensuring that the collected blood does not contain HBV. To protect children, immediate vaccination is given to newborns of hepatitis B-infected mothers during childbirth, significantly reducing the risk of infection.

Symptoms and Course of Hepatitis B

The course and symptoms of hepatitis B infection encompass a wide spectrum. Two-thirds of infected individuals experience the disease asymptomatically or with mild symptoms, which is especially common among children. In such cases, the infection can only be detected through blood tests. Asymptomatic cases often resolve without treatment; however, some of the virus can lead to chronic hepatitis.

The acute phase of the infection, acute hepatitis B, typically manifests after a 1-6 week incubation period, with symptoms gradually worsening. Initial symptoms include fever, chills, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Signs of bile pigment accumulation, such as jaundice, may also appear, which is characterized by a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and skin. Acute hepatitis B usually resolves within 3-6 weeks, but in severe cases, it can lead to liver coma, requiring urgent medical intervention.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed when symptoms persist for more than six months and the virus remains detectable in blood tests. The likelihood of chronic progression is higher in cases of infection at a younger age. About 5% of adult infections become chronic, while this rate exceeds 90% in newborns. Chronic hepatitis B is often difficult to diagnose, as symptoms are nonspecific and often present as fatigue, loss of appetite, and mild jaundice. Long-term consequences can be severe, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Treatment and Prevention of Hepatitis B

In cases of acute hepatitis B, treatment is generally symptomatic, as the disease resolves on its own within a few weeks. Patients need sufficient rest and to consume easily digestible foods, with the most important thing being to avoid alcohol. During recovery, the body develops immunity against the virus.

For chronic hepatitis B, treatment options include antiviral medications such as lamivudine, tenofovir, and entecavir, as well as immunomodulatory interferon preparations. These therapies do not guarantee complete recovery but can significantly reduce the viral load in the body, thereby preventing liver damage. Patients should maintain a liver-friendly lifestyle, avoiding alcohol and medications containing paracetamol. Regular follow-up examinations are necessary during the treatment period.

To prevent hepatitis B, it is essential to avoid potential sources of infection. Direct contact, such as the use of a shared razor or toothbrush, should be avoided. When getting tattoos or body piercings, only sterile instruments should be used, and intravenous drug users must use sterile needles and syringes. The best protection is provided by the hepatitis B vaccine, which is mandatory in Hungary. As part of the vaccination program, the vaccine is available free of charge for children who have turned 13, as well as for members of high-risk groups.

The hepatitis B vaccination consists of three doses and provides lifelong protection against the virus. It is important that newborns of hepatitis B-infected mothers receive immediate vaccination after birth, as this solution can prevent 90-95% of infections. Vaccination and preventive measures are crucial in curbing the spread of hepatitis B.