Primary and Secondary Hypertension – The Causes of High Blood Pressure

The condition known as hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects numerous people worldwide. Persistent elevation of blood pressure can lead to various complications, including cardiovascular problems, impaired kidney function, and even an increased risk of stroke. Identifying the causes of hypertension is crucial, as it is essential to know what triggers high blood pressure for appropriate treatment and prevention.

Types of Hypertension

Hypertension is generally categorized into two main groups: primary and secondary hypertension. In primary hypertension, no clear triggering factor is identified, while secondary hypertension may be linked to disorders in other organ systems. It is important to focus on these differences in treatment, as secondary hypertension is much rarer, accounting for only 5-10% of all hypertension cases.

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

The most common triggering factor for secondary hypertension is impaired kidney function, which can arise from various conditions. Deterioration of kidney function, such as due to inflammation, diabetes, or kidney stones, can contribute to the development of high blood pressure. Disruptions in the blood supply to the kidneys can also severely affect blood pressure. In older individuals, the calcification of the arteries supplying the kidneys may be a contributing factor, while in younger individuals, hereditary thickening of the vessel wall can cause narrowing.

Additionally, sleep apnea syndrome, which is often found among overweight men, can pose a serious problem as this disorder is characterized by interruptions in breathing and can be a worsening factor for hypertension. The syndrome is typically observed in families through snoring, which can lead to increased cardiovascular risks.

Hormonal and Cardiological Causes

Hormonal imbalances also play a role in the development of high blood pressure, although these cases are rarer. For example, in cases of hyperthyroidism, patients may report rapid heartbeat and sweating. Disorders of hormone production in the adrenal glands, such as elevated aldosterone levels, can also contribute to increased blood pressure, often accompanied by muscle cramps and weakness. Dysfunction of the pituitary gland and parathyroid glands can also cause hypertension, but these occurrences are rare.

Among the cardiological causes, coarctation, or narrowing of the aorta, plays a significant role. This narrowing of the main artery from the heart impairs blood supply to the kidneys and lower limbs, resulting in high blood pressure. Additionally, certain medications, such as steroids, contraceptives, and anti-inflammatory drugs, can also elevate blood pressure. Drug use and alcohol consumption can also contribute to the development of hypertension.

Diagnosis of Hypertension

Diagnosing high blood pressure is a complex process that involves several steps. First, it is essential to take a detailed medical history, including family history and the patient’s complaints. Even in cases of primary hypertension, it is crucial to examine target organ damage, such as the condition of the retinal blood vessels, kidney function, and heart condition.

Cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated blood lipid and blood sugar levels, also require attention. In cases of secondary hypertension, further tests are necessary, such as abdominal ultrasound, isotopic examinations, or contrast imaging of the renal vessels to identify possible causes. In cases of suspected hormonal imbalances, blood and urine tests, as well as imaging procedures, can assist in establishing the diagnosis. For coarctation, echocardiography, MRI, or CT can be used to confirm the problem.

Therefore, establishing an accurate diagnosis is essential for the treatment and prevention of hypertension, enabling appropriate therapeutic steps to be taken to preserve the patient’s health.