Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Brief Overview of the Disease

A rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple joints and has a significant impact on patients’ lives. Genetic predisposition and various environmental factors, such as infections or stress, play a role in the development of this disease. Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately 0.5–1% of the population, making it a relatively common condition. It occurs particularly in women, most often among middle-aged individuals.

The symptoms of the disease can vary, often starting suddenly with pronounced joint inflammation, but in many cases, complaints gradually appear in a latent form. The essence of rheumatoid arthritis is that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the synovial membrane of the joints, leading to inflammation and abnormal fluid production. As a result, pain, swelling, and limited mobility occur. The small joints, such as those in the hands and feet, are symmetrically affected, but larger joints, such as the knees and wrists, are also often involved. Morning stiffness is also a characteristic symptom that develops due to fluid accumulation in the joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis can attack not only the joints but also other organs, such as the lungs or eyes. Inflammatory processes can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to further complications. As the disease progresses, proteins and cells that damage joint cartilage appear, which can cause bone erosion, ultimately leading to a permanent decrease in function.

The symptoms and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

The symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis encompass a wide spectrum and are often difficult to detect in the early stages of the disease. The most characteristic symptoms include joint pain, swelling, and morning stiffness. The affected joints are typically the small joints of the hands and feet, but several larger joints may also be involved. The inflammation is symmetrical, meaning that if a joint on one side is affected, the same problem is expected to appear on the other side.

In addition to clinical examinations, various laboratory tests are necessary to establish a diagnosis. These include tests for inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies are also important in confirming the diagnosis. Early diagnosis is crucial, as treatment in the early stages of the disease can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and prevent permanent joint damage.

Treatment options

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is complex and requires a multifaceted approach. The primary goal is to reduce inflammation and halt the progression of the disease. The treatment plan typically includes anti-inflammatory medications and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These medications can effectively reduce inflammation and help preserve joint function.

If traditional therapies do not yield satisfactory results or significant side effects occur, biological therapies may become necessary. These modern treatments specifically target the immune system, reducing inflammatory processes and preventing bone damage. Continuous monitoring of patients’ conditions is essential during the use of biological therapies to ensure effectiveness and minimize side effects.

For patients with well-managed rheumatoid arthritis, the goal is to achieve an inflammation-free state and preserve functional abilities. Through early diagnosis and effective treatment, patients can significantly improve their quality of life and reduce the social and economic burdens caused by the disease.