Swallowing is a complex physiological process that combines voluntary and reflex activities. This process plays a crucial role during eating, as it allows the consumed food to enter the stomach, regardless of how much gravity aids this movement. When swallowing is disrupted, we refer to it as dysphagia, which means difficulty in swallowing. If swallowing is accompanied by pain, this is known as odynophagia. Both phenomena are warning signs that require immediate medical examination. The Esophagus The esophagus, or oesophagus, is a tubular organ that connects the pharynx to the stomach. The inner wall of the esophagus is lined with mucosa, while the outer layer consists of muscle. Along the…