The Risks, Signs, and Treatment of RSV Infection

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of respiratory infections, responsible for a wide range of respiratory illnesses. The virus is particularly common during the winter months when it spreads in an epidemic form, and the infection usually presents as a mild cold among adults and older children. In contrast, RSV can pose a serious risk to infants and toddlers under two years old, especially premature babies.

This virus spreads through respiratory droplets and can survive on inanimate surfaces for extended periods, facilitating the spread of infection. The incubation period typically lasts four to five days, during which already infected individuals can continuously transmit the virus without showing any symptoms. As a result, RSV can quickly reach communities such as daycare centers, preschools, and schools.

Among the virus subtypes, type A can cause more severe respiratory illnesses, while type B generally leads to milder symptoms. Almost all children are infected with RSV by the age of 2-3, but in most cases, the course of the disease remains relatively mild. However, the infection can lead to serious complications and may require hospitalization.

Symptoms of RSV Infection

The symptoms of RSV infection vary, and in most cases among children, they are mild. The most common symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, and possibly coughing, resembling a common cold. However, a small percentage of children may experience more severe symptoms that cause breathing difficulties. In this case, inflammation of the bronchioles leads to narrowing of the airways, making breathing more difficult.

Signs of severe RSV infection include weakness, general difficulty in breathing, wheezing, and persistent coughing. Children may suffer from coughing for months, and bacterial superinfection can occur as a complication of the infection, leading to an increase in symptoms. Warning signs include high fever, rapid breathing, and skin discoloration, which require urgent medical intervention.

Consequences of RSV Infection

RSV infection is not only associated with acute symptoms but also with long-term consequences. The virus attacks the cells of the respiratory tract’s mucous membranes, and residual symptoms may appear after the infection. Various respiratory disorders, such as recurrent cold episodes, persistent coughing, and obstructive complaints, can develop. Research shows that severe RSV bronchiolitis in infancy increases the risk of developing asthma in later years.

At-risk groups include premature infants, for whom the virus can cause particularly severe complications. Maternal RSV infection does not pose an increased risk to the fetus, but after birth, the virus can have serious consequences for infants. Several other factors, including poor social conditions and passive smoking, can also contribute to the development of severe conditions.

Diagnosis and Treatment of RSV Infection

The diagnosis of RSV infection is primarily based on clinical symptoms. In mild cases, further examination is often unnecessary, as children typically recover quickly with symptomatic treatment. In more severe cases, such as when breathing difficulties arise, doctors can confirm the presence of the virus through PCR testing of respiratory secretions.

Treatment for mild RSV infection is symptomatic, involving the removal of nasal secretions and alleviating cough. Reducing fever is also important, but the use of antibiotics is unnecessary, as they are ineffective against viral infections. Ensuring adequate fluid intake also aids recovery.

Vaccines Against RSV

Effective preventive measures against RSV exist, especially for at-risk groups. A monoclonal antibody injection providing passive immunization is administered in hospital settings to children under two during the epidemic season. Additionally, newer vaccines that offer active immunization are available and provide protection for infants in the months following birth when administered to pregnant women.

Prevention is of paramount importance, especially for premature infants and children with chronic illnesses, as RSV infection can pose a serious risk to them. Health authorities are continuously working on the development and availability of vaccines to reduce the impact of RSV outbreaks in communities.