The significance of oral cavity examination in relation to cervical HPV infection

The HPV, or human papillomavirus, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, affecting millions of people worldwide. Of the various strains of the virus, more than twenty can cause pathological changes, including cancer. HPV is most commonly associated with cervical cancer, but it is increasingly recognized that it can also infect other body parts, such as the oral cavity and oropharynx. Research shows that women who are HPV-positive for cervical cancer have a significantly higher risk of oral HPV infection, which is concerning given the rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancers.

Scientific studies related to HPV continuously expand our knowledge of the virus’s transmission and effects. It is crucial for the medical community to keep track of new discoveries regarding HPV and to understand the importance of prevention and early detection. Vaccination against HPV plays a prominent role in preventing infection and reducing carcinogenic effects, making awareness and accessibility of vaccination programs key.

The relationship between HPV and oral infection

Recent research indicates that there is a significantly higher prevalence of oral HPV infection among women with cervical HPV infection. One international study conducted by researchers at Semmelweis University found that 13% of cervical HPV-positive women had oral HPV, while the rate was only 4% among cervical HPV-negative women. This observation represents a 2.22-fold increase in risk, which is noteworthy data concerning the spread and consequences of HPV.

The research analyzed data from over 5,000 women, and the participating studies had to meet strict criteria during the examinations. The researchers concluded that among women with cervical HPV infection, the rate of oral infection was even higher for those with abnormal cytological findings, reaching 17%. This suggests that cervical HPV can affect not only the reproductive system but also other body parts, including the oral cavity.

HPV spreads through skin and mucous membrane contact, meaning that the virus can easily be transmitted during sexual encounters. It is often the case that a cervical HPV-positive woman infects her partner and then becomes reinfected through oral sex. Additionally, men can also carry the virus, potentially from previous relationships, thereby further increasing the transmission possibilities of the virus.

Complications of HPV and risk factors

HPV is most commonly associated with cervical cancer; however, it is important to know that it can also cause tumors in other body parts. The virus can lead to harmful changes in the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx. Research indicates that the incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers is more common among men than women, with nearly 22,000 new cases registered globally each year. This difference can partly be explained by the higher viral load in men.

Cervical HPV infection can be asymptomatic, and most people’s immune systems can overcome the virus. However, if the infection persists, it can lead to severe complications, including the development of precancerous conditions. The same is true for oral HPV infection: long-term infection increases the risk of tumors, which is particularly concerning as the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers continues to rise.

Researchers warn that regular screening and early detection are critically important in preventing HPV-related complications. Currently, however, there is no standardized screening for the detection of oral HPV, which complicates the early diagnosis of the virus. Experts believe that women with cervical HPV infection deserve special attention, as they may be particularly at risk.

The role of prevention and the importance of the HPV vaccine

Vaccination against HPV is the most effective preventive method against complications caused by the virus. The vaccine can provide up to 90% protection against the HPV types that pose the highest cancer risks, and immunity can last for up to 15 years. However, vaccination rates remain low worldwide, and many people are unaware of the importance of the HPV vaccine.

It is essential for the population to be informed about the risks associated with HPV and the possibilities for prevention. The availability of vaccination programs and educational campaigns related to HPV are crucial in preventing the spread of the infection. In Hungary, the HPV vaccine is available free of charge to seventh-grade students, and experts recommend that sexually active adults also consider getting vaccinated.

In addition to HPV vaccination, regular gynecological screenings are important, as they can help in the early detection of infections. Screening and treatment of cervical HPV infections can reduce the risk of cancer, so every affected woman should participate in screening tests.

HPV prevention measures and public awareness are essential in reducing the spread of the virus and preventing HPV-related complications. The scientific community is continuously working to expand knowledge about HPV to offer more effective preventive measures in the future.