Vocal fold lesions (nodules, polyps, and cysts)

The vocal cords, fundamental elements of sound production, can be subjected to various lesions that may cause different symptoms, such as hoarseness. These benign lesions, such as nodules, polyps, or cysts, generally develop as a result of excessive strain or trauma to the voice. Those affected often find that the health of their vocal cords is closely related to their speaking and singing habits. Diagnosing and treating vocal cord lesions is an important step in restoring voice quality.

Vocal Cord Nodules

Vocal cord nodules, also known as singer’s nodules, develop as a consequence of excessive or improper use of the vocal cords. These nodules typically appear at the midpoint of the vocal folds and can be seen under a microscope as scar tissue. They most commonly occur in women aged 20 to 50, but individuals of both genders can be affected.

The development of vocal cord nodules is often caused by continuous singing, shouting, or other activities that strain the vocal cords. The appearance of the nodules may also be associated with the formation of abnormal blood vessels, which can cause additional problems during voice production. Individuals may notice that their voice sounds rougher, scratchier, and that speaking becomes laborious, as the vocal cords fatigue quickly due to voice strain.

Treatment for vocal cord nodules typically involves conservative methods such as voice therapy. Patients are advised to rest their voices, avoid excessive use, and adhere to voice care guidelines. Medical literature emphasizes that proper treatment of vocal cord nodules is essential for restoring voice quality.

Vocal Cord Polyps

Vocal cord polyps are also benign lesions that disrupt the closure of the vocal folds, thereby impairing voice production. Polyps can occur on one or both vocal cords and are generally larger than nodules. These growths are particularly vascularized, which may give them a reddish appearance.

The causes of polyp formation are similar to those of vocal cord nodules; in addition to excessive or improper voice use, other factors such as vocal cord trauma can contribute to their appearance. Polyps often develop as a result of sudden, intense voice-producing activities, such as shouting. It is important to note that vocal cord polyps do not always respond to voice therapy, making surgical intervention the best solution in some cases.

Accurate diagnosis can aid in the treatment of polyps, and microsurgical procedures or laser surgeries may provide effective alternatives. It is crucial for affected individuals to follow professional guidance for recovery and to pay attention to voice hygiene.

Vocal Cord Cysts

Vocal cord cysts are lesions that appear in the form of small sacs filled with fluid or semi-solid material. These cysts occur less frequently than vocal cord nodules or polyps and typically do not result from excessive strain on the vocal cords.

There are two main types of vocal cord cysts: retention cysts and epidermoid cysts. Cysts do not always cause symptoms, but when they do, the symptoms may resemble those caused by vocal cord nodules and polyps. Treatment for vocal cord cysts generally requires surgical intervention, especially if symptoms worsen.

Diagnosis of cysts can be challenging, as their symptoms may be similar to those of other vocal cord lesions. For vocal cord cysts, early diagnosis and appropriate medical care are essential for effective treatment.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Vocal Cord Lesions

The most common symptoms of vocal cord lesions include hoarseness, shortness of breath, varying pitch, and loss of vocal range. Affected individuals often notice that their voice sounds rough, raspy, or scratchy, and they may fatigue quickly during continuous speech. Additionally, pain in the throat, a sensation of a lump, frequent coughing, and throat clearing are also characteristic symptoms.

During diagnosis, an ear, nose, and throat specialist thoroughly examines the patient, takes a medical history, and then uses a laryngoscope to inspect the vocal cords. Following the examination, further diagnostic steps and treatments may be recommended to improve the condition of the vocal cords.

Treatment of Vocal Cord Lesions

Treatment for vocal cord lesions occurs after a precise diagnosis is established. The therapy encompasses a wide spectrum, ranging from conservative medical methods to dietary treatments and invasive interventions. Treatment for vocal cord nodules typically involves voice therapy, while surgical intervention may be warranted for polyps and cysts.

During microsurgery, the surgeon removes the growth through a small incision made at the edge of the vocal cord, minimizing the risk of scarring. Laser surgery for vocal cords is also an effective option, using laser beams to treat problematic areas. After these procedures, patients must rest their voices and participate in voice therapy to aid recovery.

Maintaining the health of the vocal cords is also supported by addressing underlying health issues such as allergies or reflux. Adhering to voice hygiene practices, avoiding smoking, and ensuring proper hydration and rest contribute to the protection of the vocal cords.

Prevention of Vocal Cord Lesions

To prevent vocal cord lesions, several steps can be taken. Firstly, quitting smoking and avoiding smoky environments is essential. Additionally, if one has hypothyroidism, allergies, or reflux, it is important to seek appropriate medical treatment.

Limiting excessive alcohol consumption, reducing caffeine intake, and ensuring adequate water consumption can all contribute to maintaining vocal cord health. It is also important to maintain proper sleep hygiene and avoid loud talking or shouting. Using a microphone, especially at larger events, and warming up the voice before prolonged speaking or singing is advisable.

To protect the vocal cords, individuals should rest their voices, especially before future long speaking commitments, and avoid excessive talking if they are dealing with an upper respiratory infection. Regular hand washing and practicing yoga to reduce muscle tension can also help maintain vocal cord health.

Consciously managing the prevention of vocal cord lesions not only contributes to preserving health but also improves voice quality.