Zoonoses Caused by Fungi, Protozoa, and Worms

Infections between animals and humans, known as zoonoses, pose significant health challenges in many parts of the world. These diseases are transmitted through various pathogens, such as fungi, protozoa, and parasites, and in many cases, they are passed from one species to another through direct contact. Zoonoses not only threaten human health but also that of animals, making it crucial to be aware of prevention methods.

Zoonoses can cause a wide range of symptoms, from skin problems to severe internal organ damage. The course of the disease can vary depending on the state of the human immune system. Healthy adults generally recover more easily from infections, while individuals with weakened immunity, such as children and the elderly, may be particularly vulnerable. Below, we will review the most common zoonoses, considering their pathogens, modes of transmission, and prevention options.

Fungal Infections and Mycoses

Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, are diseases caused by fungi, approximately 200 species of which are considered pathogenic, meaning they can cause illness in humans or animals. These fungi can be primary pathogens that affect healthy individuals or opportunistic pathogens that target individuals with weakened immune systems.

Mycoses can be divided into two main types: cutaneous (affecting the skin surface) and subcutaneous (affecting deeper layers of the skin) fungal infections. In terms of zoonoses, cutaneous fungal infections are particularly significant, as they spread from animals to humans, or vice versa, through direct contact. These infections can cause skin rashes and are generally easily treatable if detected in time.

Subcutaneous mycoses, while not transmitted directly between animals and humans, can cause similar symptoms and diseases in both species. It is important to note that maintaining proper hygiene is essential to prevent fungal infections, especially during contact with animals.

Parasites and Their Effects

Parasites, or parasites, are organisms that live at the expense of other living beings, known as hosts. These include protozoa, various worms, and certain arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes. Parasites often cause serious illnesses, as they feed on the nutrients of the host, thereby weakening it.

The life cycle of parasites often involves multiple hosts, including both humans and animals. In intermediate hosts, parasites do not fully develop but can cause significant harm. In definitive hosts, however, they reach their mature state, where they can reproduce. To combat parasites, regular veterinary health checks and preventive treatments, such as deworming, are important.

To prevent zoonoses, it is essential to adhere to hygiene rules, which include regular handwashing, avoiding contaminated food and drinks, and ensuring proper care and protection of pets.

Common Zoonoses and Their Prevention

There are several well-known diseases among zoonoses, such as toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, and echinococcosis. Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, which poses a particular risk to pregnant women, as it can be transmitted to the fetus. To prevent it, it is important to avoid raw meats, unwashed vegetables, and fruits, as well as minimizing contact with cat feces.

Giardiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, which spreads through contaminated water or food. To prevent it, special attention should be paid to hygiene, such as washing hands before meals and ensuring the cleanliness of water sources.

Echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, parasitizes the intestines of dogs and foxes. Humans serve as intermediate hosts, and to prevent infection, it is crucial to regularly deworm dogs and avoid raw meats.

Preventing zoonoses is everyone’s responsibility, as adhering to hygiene rules, vaccinations, and proper animal health measures can help protect us and our pets from infections.