Alkylphosphate poisoning due to pesticides

A pesticide use in agriculture and horticulture is essential; however, improper application can pose serious health risks. Among the pesticides, organic phosphate compounds such as diazinon, orthene, malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos deserve special attention, as these compounds can cause significant poisoning incidents. The frequency of poisonings in our country exceeds the European average, which is a concerning phenomenon.

Organic phosphates are fat-soluble, meaning they can enter the body in various ways. In obese individuals, the symptoms of poisoning may appear delayed, as substances accumulating in adipose tissue enter circulation more slowly, thus prolonging the symptoms. Ignoring the safety regulations of pesticides and consuming inadequately washed fruits can also contribute to the occurrence of poisonings.

The Causes of Organic Phosphate Poisoning

Poisoning from organic phosphate compounds can occur in various ways. The most common cases involve accidental exposure, where the compound enters the body through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract. Failing to observe the safety period after spraying or improperly cleaning fruits poses a serious risk, as consuming contaminated food can also cause poisoning.

Exposure to organic phosphates can manifest in acute or chronic forms. Acute poisoning typically occurs with larger doses, while chronic poisoning results from smaller doses over a longer period. Interestingly, these compounds have also been used as chemical weapons since World War II, which further highlights their dangers.

The toxic effect of organic phosphates is based on their inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. As a result, acetylcholine accumulates in various parts of the body, such as the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system, which can have severe consequences.

Symptoms and Effects of Poisoning

The symptoms of organic phosphate poisoning cover a wide spectrum and depend on the type of compound, the amount introduced, and the mode of poisoning. In most cases, symptoms appear within 8 hours, but exposure through the skin or respiratory tract can trigger severe reactions within minutes.

Symptoms affecting the central nervous system include headaches, muscle tremors, anxiety, emotional instability, and hallucinations. In the worst cases, the patient may fall into a coma. Effects on the autonomic nervous system include pupil constriction, tearing, salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The pulse may vary but generally decreases, while blood pressure remains low, which can lead to further complications.

Excessive stimulation of nerves reaching the muscles can lead to muscle weakness, twitching, and cramps. After acute poisoning, muscle paralysis may occur 1-4 days later, especially in respiratory muscles, which can result in a life-threatening condition. If treatment begins promptly, symptoms can be mitigated.

Treatment Options

Treatment for poisonings caused by organic phosphates occurs in intensive care units, where supporting life functions is of paramount importance. A compound called pralidoxime is the most crucial antidote for these toxins, as it helps restore the function of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Rapid and effective treatment can reduce the consequences of poisoning and organ damage.

During the treatment process, professionals continuously monitor the patients’ conditions to achieve the best possible outcomes. Proper medical intervention and timely therapy can be life-saving, making the prevention of poisonings and the correct application of organic phosphates essential. Education and increased awareness can help reduce the number of poisonings caused by pesticides and ensure a safer environment for everyone.